Wednesday, October 20, 2010

IELTS Preparation-Collective Nouns

Confusion of Singular vs Plural

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Saturday, October 16, 2010

Kursus Bahasa Inggris Cepat Lancar di Bali

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Saturday, March 13, 2010

Perangkat Keras Jaringan Internet

Perangkat Keras Jaringan Internet


1. Modem


Modem berasal dari singkatan modulasi demodulasi .Modem lebih dikenal dengan perangkat keras jaringan internet yang digunakan pada komputer . Biasanya modem digunakan untuk mengubah sinyal digital menjadi singal analog . Sinyal analog ini dapat dikirimkan ke dua media komunikasi yaitu telepon dan radio . Secara fisik, modem dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu modem internal dan modem eksternal . Kelebihan dari Modem eksternal adalah fleksibel yang mudah dibawa kemana-mana meskipun harganya lebih mahal daripada modem internal, modem eksternal lebih banyak diminati di masyarakat . Sedangkan modem internal harganya lebih murah karena tidak mempunyai tempat dan power supply yg terpisah . Tetapi pada modem internal keamanan lebih terjamin karena modem terletak pada di dalam komputer . Maka , modem internal dapat mencegah orang lain untuk bertindak iseng.

Modem terbagi atas:
1. Modem analog yaitu modem yang mengubah sinyal analog menjadi sinyal digital
2. Modem ADSL
3. Modem kabel yaitu modem yang menerima data langsung dari penyedia layanan lewat TV Kabel
4. Modem CDMA
5. Modem 3GP
6. Modem GSM

2. Router
Router adalah suatu media jaringan yang mengirimkan paket data melalui internet ke dunia luar dan berfungsi menghubungkan beberapa jaringan untuk meneruskan data yang memiliki ID berbeda . Konfigurasi router dalam penggunaanya ke dalam jaringan cukup mudah . Umumnya router dapat mencarikan jalur yang akan diakses oleh data ke jaringan lain yang banyak digunalkan dalam jaringan berbasis teknologi protocol TCP/IP yang biasa disebut dengan IP router .
Router dibagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu :
1. Static router (router statis) adalah sebuah router yang memiliki tabel routing statis yang di setting secara manual oleh para administrator jaringan.
2. Dynamic router (router dinamis): adalah sebuah router yang memiliki dab membuat tabel routing dinamis, dengan mendengarkan lalu lintas jaringan dan juga dengan saling berhubungan dengan router lainnya.



3. Kartu Jaringan
Kartu Jaringan atau Network Interface Card (NIC) adalah sebuah kartu yang berfungsi untuk menentukan kecepatan makasimum data dari sebuah komputer ke jaringan komputer . Kartu jaringan ini terdapat di dalam komputer client dan server yang dapat diproses melalui jaringan.

Kartu NIC ini terbagi atas dua jenis :
1. Media Specific NIC – yang membedakan kartu NIC menjadi beberapa jenis berdasarkan media yang digunakan .
2. Architecture Specific NIC – yang membedakan kartu NIC menjadi beberapa jenis , sesuai dengan arsitektur jaringan yang digunakan .
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4. Webcam
Webcam atau Web Camera adalah sebuah kamera sederhana berukuran kecil yang pada umumnya tidak menbutuhkan tempat penyimpanan data karena data atau hasil yang didapat akan langsung di ransfer melalui komputer . Hasil gambar dari webcam dapat langsung di upload melalui FTP (File Transfer Protocol) .

5. Bridge Jaringan
Bridge jaringan berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dua jaringan dan memperluas jaringan dalam segmen yang sama . Bridge juga melakukan transmisi data dari jaringan satu ke jaringan lainya. Jaringan ini bekerja pada lapisan data link yang memounyai kemampuan dalam proses pengiriman frame ke alamat yang dituju .

Terdapat tiga jenis jaringan yang sering kita jumpai :
1. Jaringan Lokal
2. Jaringan Putar
3. Jaringan Nirkabel


6. HUB/ switch
HUB/switch bisa disebut juga dengan multiport repeater yang bekerja dengan physical layer sehingga tidak mempunyai pengetahuan mengenai alamat yang dituju.berfungsi untuk menghubungkan jaringan LAN . Peralatan ini sering digunakan pada topologi star dan extended star .






7.Repeater
Repeater berfungsi untuk menerima sinyal dan meneruskan kembali suatu sinyal serta memperkuat sinyal dari segmen satu ke segmen lainnya . Cara kerja repeater menyebarkan jalur data ke seluruh jaringan, tanpa memandang data tersebut , Jika jumlah station semakin banyak, dan traffic data juga semakin tinggi. Maka akan berakibat penurunan kinerja atau akses lambat .



8. Kabel UTP
Kabel UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) adalah kabel yang dikhususkan untuk trasmisi data . disebut Unshielded Twisted Pair karena kurang tahan terhadap interferensi elektromagnetik yang di dalamnya terdapat pasangan kabel yang disusun spiral alias saling berlilitan .

Kabel UTP memiliki 5 kategori :
1. Kategori 1 ( kabel UTP dengan kualitas transmisi sangat buruk )

2. Kategori 2 ( kabel UTP dengan kualitas transmisi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kabel UTP Category 1 )

3. Kategori 3 (kabel UTP dengan kualitas transmisi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kabel UTP Category 2 )

4. Kategori 4 (kabel UTP dengan kualitas transmisi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kabel UTP Category 3 )

5. Kategori 5 ( kualitas transmisi yang jauh lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kabel UTP Category 4 )

9. LAN card
LAN card adalah Local Area Network merupakan penghubung antara system computer dengan kinerja computer lain . LAN Card juga merupakan soket atau card untuk memasang kabel LAN yang fungsinya untuk menyambungkan PC ke perangkat lainnya . Dalam sarana nya sistem PC mengambil dari komputer server .
Untuk mengatasi LAN card agar tidak error pada system kerja kartu jaringan , maka sebaiknya dilakukan suatu perawatan perangkat tersebut. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar perangkat kembali berjalan dengan normal . Untuk membersihkan perangakat ini , kita dapat menggunakan kuas atau vacuum cleaner mini .

10. WiFi
WiFi ( Wireless Fidelity ) digunakan untuk jaringan WLAN atau Wireless Local Area Network . Yang disebut juga dengan jaringan internet tanpa kabel . Saat ini WiFi telah banyak digunakan untuk mengakses internet ditempat-tempat tertentu . Seperti : Restaurant , Bar , Cafe , dll . Kemungkinan besar , hal ini menyebabkan seseorang yang membawa PDA (personal digital assistant) atau kartu nirkabel dapat mengakses internet melalui titik akses terdekat atau biasa disebut dengan Hot-Spot terdekat .


11. Headset
Headset merupakan gabungan headphone dan mikrofon . Headset berfungsi untuk menyambungkan suara yang ada dalam komputer melalui perangkat komputer atau voIP . Hingga saat ini headset dengan teknologi nirkabel yang berbasis bluetooth sudah sangat popular .




12. Kabel Fiber Optic
Kabel Fiber Optic atau kabel serat optik merupakan saluran yang berjenis kabel . Terbuat dari sejenis plastic atau kaca yang sangat halus dan lebih kecil dari sehelai rambut . Kabel ini dapat mengirimkan aliran cahaya yang bersumber dari laser atau LED dan kecepatan aliran listrik kabel ini sangat cepat karena jalur atau bandwith nya yang lebar . Sehingaa bagus untuk digunakan sebagai saluran komunikasi .

13. Konektor RJ 45
Konektor RJ 45 berfungsi untuk menghubungkan ethernet dengan kabel UTP . Tetapi , masih diperlukan konektor . Yang biasanya digunakan dalam topologi jaringan komputer LAN maupun lainnya.
# Konektor RJ 45 memiliki 2 macam konfigurasi :
1. Straight Through Configuration digunakan untuk menghubungkan perangkat jaringan dengan tingkatan yang berbeda.

2. Cross Over Configuration digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua perangkat jaringan yang setingkat .


14. Flashdisk
Flashdisk adalah alat penyimpanan data yang memiliki alat pengubung ( USB ) terintegrasi . Besarnya kapasitas penyimpanan data tergantung pada memory flash yang digunakan . Biasanya flashdisk ini berukuran kecil , fleksibel , ringan , mudah dibawa kemana-mana , dll . Flashdisk memiliki banyak kelebihan dibandingkan alat penyimpanan data lainnya, khususnya disket atau cakram padat yang lebih diandalkan (karena tidak memiliki bagian yang bergerak) daripada disket. Namun flashdisk juga memiliki umur penyimpanan data yang singkat .

15. Kabel Data
Kabel data adalah kabel yang menghubungkan antara HP dengan komputer yang saling berhubungan . Bisa juga berfungsi menyalurkan koneksi internet .

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What is Report Text?

What is Report Text?

Teks report adalah teks yang menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu (objek, makhluk hidup, kejadian alam) secara apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan yang sistematis dan berdasarkan fakta.

Ciri yang membedakan teks report dan teks descriptive adalah cara penulisannya. Teks report hanya menjelaskan topik teks secara umum, sedangkan teks descriptive menceritakan topik teks secara lebih terperinci.

Struktur teks report yaitu:
• General statement: Pernyataan awal yang menyampaikan pada pembaca mengenai topik teks secara umum
• Description: Deskripsi secara umum dari topik teks

Contoh teks report:

Tyrannosaurus rex, sometimes just called T-rex, is believed to be the largest and most fearsome predator on Earth's land ever to have existed. This dinosaur once roam the Earth in the Creataceous period approximately 68 to 65 million years ago.

As a carnivorous dinosaur, this giant predator most likely ambushed their prey, and devoured them with jaws full of white sharp teeth. With it's fast ability to run at an astonishing speed of 32 mph (50 kmh), a perfect slim and stiff tail that gave it an excellent balance and allowed it to make quick turns, equipped this gigantic predator and made it even more deadly, like a killing machine.

What is Descriptive Text?

The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense
---------------------Contoh--------------------
Example of Short Descriptive Text about Jakarta
Jakarta is located on the northwest coast of Java Island, at the mouth of the Ciliwung river. It dominates Indonesian’s administrative, economy, cultural activities, and is a major commercial and transportation hub within Asia.

The climate is hot and humid. Rainfall occurs throughout the year. The heaviest rainfall is from November to May. The city lies on a flat, low plain and is likely to be affected by flood during period of heavy rainfall.

The short monologue above is the audio file of listening section test for National Examination 2008. The monologue is followed by a multiple choice question at listening section number 13 as bellow:

13. Why is Jakarta at risk of flooding?
A. It lies on high land.
B. It is densely populated.
C. It lies on a flat low plain area.
D. The climate is hot and humid.
E. It is at the mouth of the Ciliwung River.

Commonly a descriptive text will describe a particular thing, place, or someone. A descriptive text is structured with general identification and followed by detail description. In Identification paragraph, descriptive text will explore to answer the question of who, what when and where. The detail description will include a description to answer how it looks, where it is sees, what it does, and what it make it special.

What is Narrative Text ?

Narrative Text adalah teks yang berisi tentang sebuah cerita atau dongeng (bisa berupa cerita rakyat (folktale), cerita binatang (fable), Legenda (legend), cerita pendek, dll). Di dalamnya terdapat konflik/puncak masalah yang diikuti dengan penyelesaian. Fungsi utama teks ini adalah untuk menghibur pembaca.

Generic Structure:

Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) – Resolution



Orientation:
berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana)

Complication:
Berisi puncak masalah/konflik dalam cerita. Sebuah cerita boleh memiliki complication lebih dari satu

Evaluation:
ini merupakan optional (boleh ada boleh tidak), biasanya dipakai untuk membuat jalan cerita lebih menarik.

Resolution:
Pemecahan masalah. Bisa berakhir dengan kegembiraan (happy ending) bisa pula berakhir dengan kesedihan (sad ending).
---------------------Contoh-------------
Narrative



Once, there was a couple who love very much each other. From the very Begining, the girl's family objected strongly on her dating this guy. Saying that it has got to do with family background & that the girl will have to suffer for the rest of her life if she were to be with him.

Due to family's pressure, the couple quarrel very often. Though the girl love the guy deeply, but she always ask him: "How deep is your love for me?"

As the guy is not good with his words, this often cause the girl to be very upset. With that & the family's pressure, the girl often vent her anger on him. As for him, he only endure it in silence.

After a couple of years, the guy finally graduated & decided to further his studies in overseas. Before leaving, he proposed to the girl: "I'm not very good with words. But all I know is that I love you. If you allow me, I will take care of you for the rest of my life. As for your family, I'll try my best to talk them round. Will you marry me?"

The girl agreed, & with the guy's determination, the family finally gave in & agreed to let them get married. So before he leave, they got engaged.

The girl went out to the working society, whereas the guy was overseas, continuing his studies. They sent their love through emails & phone calls. Though it's hard, but both never thought of giving up.

One day, while the girl was on her way to work, she was knocked down by a car that lost control. When she woke up, she saw her parents beside her bed. She realised that she was badly injured. Seeing her mum crying, she wanted to comfort her. But she realized that all that could come out of her mouth was just a sigh. She has lost her voice......

The doctors says that the impact on her brain has caused her to lose her voice. Listening to her parents' comfort, but with nothing coming out from her, she broke down.

During the stay in hospital, besides silence cry,.....it's still just silence cry that companied her. Upon reaching home, everything seems to be the same. Except for the ringing tone of the phone. Which pierced into her heart everytime it rang. She does not wish to let the guy know. & not wanting to be a burden to him, she wrote a letter to him saying that she does not wish to wait any longer.

With that, she sent the ring back to him. In return, the guy sent millions & millions of reply, and countless of phonecalls,.. all the girl could do, besides crying, is still crying....

The parents decided to move away, hoping that she could eventually forget everything & be happy.

With a new environment, the girl learn sign language & started a new life. Telling herself everyday that she must forget the guy. One day, her friend came & told her that he's back. She asked her friend not to let him know what happened to her. Since then, there wasn't anymore news of him.

A year has passed & her friend came with an envelope, containing an invitation card for the guy's wedding. The girl was shattered. When she open the letter, she saw her name in it instead.
When she was about to ask her friend what's going on, she saw the guy standing in front of her. He used sign language telling her "I've spent a year's time to learn sign language. Just to let you know that I've not forgotten our promise. Let me have the chance to be your voice. I Love You. With that, he slipped the ring back into her finger. The girl finally smiled.
----------------Contoh------------------------
Once in a city, there was a skinny young boy who loved football with all his heart. Practice after practice, he eagerly gave everything he had. But being half the size of the other boys, he got absolutely nowhere. At all the games, this hopeful athlete sat on the bench and hardly ever played. This teenager lived alone with his father, and the two of them had a very special relationship.

Even though the son was always on the bench, his father was always in the stands cheering. He never missed a game. This young man was still the smallest of the class when he entered high school. But his father continued to encourage him but also made it very clear that he did not have to play football if he didn't want to. But the young man loved football and decided to hang in there. He was determined to try his best at every practice, and perhaps he'd get to play when he became a senior.

All through high school he never missed a practice nor a game but remained a bench-warmer all four years. His faithful father was always in the stands, always with words of encouragement for him.

When the young man went to college, he decided to try out for the football team as a "walk-on." Everyone was sure he could never make the cut, but he did. The coach admitted that he kept him on the roster because he always puts his heart and soul to every practice, and at the same time, provided the other members with the spirit and hustle they badly needed.

The news that he had survived the cut thrilled him so much that he rushed to the nearest phone and called his father. His father shared his excitement and was sent season tickets for all the college games. This persistent young athlete never missed practice during his four years at college, but he never got to play in a game.

It was the end of his senior football season, and as he trotted onto the practice field shortly before the big playoff game, the coach met him with a telegram. The young man read the telegram and he became deathly silent.

Swallowing hard, he mumbled to the coach, "My father died this morning. Is it all right if I miss practice today?" The coach put his arm gently around his shoulder and said, "Take the rest of the week off, son. And don't even plan to come back to the game on Saturday."

Saturday arrived, and the game was not going well. In the third quarter, when the team was ten points behind, a silent young man quietly slipped into the empty locker room and put on his football gear. As he ran onto the sidelines, the coach and his players were astounded to see their faithful teammate back so soon. "Coach, please let me play. I've just got to play today," said the young man. The coach pretended not to hear him. There was no way he wanted is worst player in this close playoff game.

But the young man persisted, and finally feeling sorry for the kid, the coach gave in. "All right," he said. "You can go in." Before long, the coach, the players and everyone in the stands could not believe their eyes. This little unknown, who had never played before was doing everything right. The opposing team could not stop him. He ran, he passed, blocked, and tackled like a star.

His team began to triumph. The score was soon tied. In the closing seconds of the game, this kid intercepted a pass and ran all the way for the winning touchdown. The fans broke loose. His teammates hoisted him onto their shoulders. Such cheering you never heard.

Finally, after the stands had emptied and the team had showered and left the locker room, the coach noticed that this young man was sitting quietly in the corner all alone. The coach came to him and said, "Kid, I can't believe it. You were fantastic! Tell me what got into you? How did you do it?"

He looked at the coach, with tears in his eyes, and said, "Well, you knew my dad died, but did you know that my dad was blind?" The young man swallowed hard and forced a smile, "Dad came to all my games, but today was the first time he could see me play, and I wanted to show him I could do it!"
--------------------------------Contoh------------------
One day, A girl was sitting on a chair at the gas station she worked at. She looked up and saw her boyfriend walk in.
As he was looking at snacks, a man walked in and pointed a gun at her. He had been admiring her ring her boyfriend had given to her as a token of his love. When he asked her to give it to him, she said no. Her boyfriend looked up just in time to see her shot. He ran over to the killer and beat him over the head with a hammer that was for sale. Then he ran and called 911. When the ambulance came, he was sobbing uncontrollably near his girlfriend.

The doctor came over and felt for her pulse. Then he stood up and said she was still alive. Later at the hospital, as he was sitting beside her, he asked"Why didn't you just give him the ring?" and then she softly spoke"Because when you gave it to me, you said it was part of your love for me and I knew if I gave him the ring, I would lose that love." The next day, she was pronounced dead.

What is Recount Text

Recount text is a recount is a text which list and describe past experiences by retelling events in the order in which they happened (chronological order). The purpose of the Recounts text is to retell events with the purpose of either informing or entertaining their audience (or both).

The basic recount consists of three parts:
- the setting or orientation - background information answering who? when? where? why?
- events are identified and described in chronological order.
- reorientation which is concluding comments express a personal opinion regarding the events described

The language features of the recount text are:
- the language is written in simple past tense
- frequent use is made of words which link events in time, such as next, later, when, then, after, before, first,

Recount text can be occur in the form of personal recount (such as biography), factual recount, or imaginative recount. The major difference between recount and narrative text is the generic structure. If a passage doesn't have a conflict and it retells past events, that is called as a recount text.
--------------------------------------------------------Contoh-----------------------------
My Day at the Beach

Last week my friend and I were bored after three weeks of holidays, so we rode our bikes to Smith Beach, which is only five kilometres from where I live. When we arrived at the beach, we were surprised to see there was hardly anyone there.
After having a quick dip in the ocean, which was really cold, we realized one reason there were not many people there. It was also quite windy. After we bought some hot chips at the takeaway store nearby, we rode our bikes down the beach for a while, on the hard, damp part of the sand. We had the wind behind us and, before we knew it, we were many miles down the beach.
Before we made the long trip back, we decided to paddle our feet in the water for a while, and then sit down for a rest. While we were sitting on the beach, just chatting, it suddenly dawned on us that all the way back, we would be riding into the strong wind.
When we finally made it back home, we were both totally exhausted! But we learned some good lessons that day.

What is Spoof Text?

What is Spoof Text?
Spoof Text

Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist

Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order

==================contoh=================
Private Conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting.I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking very loudly.I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the young woman angrily. They did not pay any attention.In the end, I could not bear it. I turned around again. “I could not hear a word” I said angrily.“It’s none of your business” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation”
(From: English New Concept)
Generic Structure Analysis
Orientation: introducing a writes as point of view “I” which is in a theatre last week
Event 1: the other theatregoers, young man and young woman, were talking noisily.
Event 2: the writer used physical language by turning around to the young man and young woman talk to not to make noisy.
Event 3: the write used verbal language by saying “I could not hear a word”.
Twister: the young man misunderstood the writer’s word and said; “It’s none of your business. It’s a private conversation”.

Saved by stilts
The king wanted to test Abu Nawas’ smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the palace. “You want me, your Majesty?” greeted Abu Nawas. “Yes, you have fooled me three times and that’s too much. I want you to leave the country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail” said the king. “If that is what you want, I will do what you said” said Abu Nawas sadly. Then “Remember, from tomorrow you may not step on the ground of this country anymore” the king said seriously. Then Abu nawas left the king palace sadly.
The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu Nawas’ house. The guards were very surprised found Abu Nawas still in his house. He had not left the country yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu Nawas was swimming in small pool in front of his house. “Hey Abu Nawas, why haven’t you left this country yet? The king ordered you not to step on the ground of this country anymore, didn’t he?” said the guards. “Sure he did” answered Abu Nawas calmly. “But look at me! Do I step on the ground of this country? No, I do not step on the ground. I am swimming on the water” continued Abu Nawas.
The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so they left Abu Nawas’ house and went back to the palace. The guards reported what they had seen to the king. The king was curious on Abu Nawas’ excuse not to leave the country. Therefore the king ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to come to the palace.
Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king wondered and said “Abu, I will surely punish you because you haven’t done what I have said. You have not left this country”. The King continued “And now, look at you. You walk on stilts like a child. Are you crazy? The king pretended to be furious.
“I remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty” Abu Nawas answered calmly. “This morning I took a bath in the small pool in my house so that I had not to step on the ground. And since yesterday, I have been walking on this stilts. So you see, Your Majesty, I do not step on the ground of this country”. The king was not able to say anything.
(Adapted from S. Harianto’s Abu Nawas and King Aaron)
Generic Structure Analysis
Orientation: Introducing Abu Nawas and the King on the counteracts about leaving and staying in the country
Event 1: Abu Nawas was swimming on the pool
Event 2: Abu Nawas was walking on the stilts
Twister: Abu Nawas explained that swimming in the pool and walking on the stilts meant not stepping on the ground of the country
That Phone is Off
Soon after he left college, Dave found one of his uncles who was very rich and had no children of his own died and left him a lot of money, so he decided to set up his own real estate agency.
Dave found a nice office. He bought some new furniture and moved in. he had only been there for e few hours when he heard someone coming toward the door of his office.
“It must be my first customer” Dave thought. He quickly picked up the telephone and pretended to be very busy answering an important call from someone in New York who wanted to buy a big and expensive house in the country.
The man knocked at the door while this was going on. He came in and waited politely for Dave to finish his conversation on the phone. Then the man said to Dave; “I am from the telephone company and I was sent here to connect your telephone”
Notes on the Spoof’s Generic Structure
Orientation: Dave was a lucky man. He suddenly became a very rich man because of the death of his rich uncle who had no children. He inherited his uncle’s money.
Event 1: Being rich, he wanted to set up his estate company
Event 2: He had his new office. In his office, he pretended to be a very successful businessman. He acted as had an important client. He showed by making conversation on the phone.
Twist: The man whom he showed is a telephone technician. He came to Dave’s office to connect that phone.

Penguin in the Park
Once a man was walking in a park when he across a penguin. He took it to a policeman and said; "What should I do?" The policeman replied; "Take it to the zoo!".
The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park. The man was still carrying the penguin. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked; "Why are you still carrying the penguin? Didn't you take it to the zoo?" The man replied; "I certainly did. And it was a great idea because the penguin really enjoyed it. So, today I am taking it to the movie".

Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Orientation;introducing participants: "He" and Penguin. They were in the park
Event1; The man tended to take the penguin to the park
Event; The following day, the man were still carrying the penguin
Twist; Even, finally the man would take the penguin to the movies

Language Feature Analysis
Focusing on certain certain participants; He, penguin, policeman
Using action verb; carry, walk up
Using adverb of time and place; once, in the park
Told in chronological order; chronological order by days, the next day

Tuesday, February 16, 2010

What is Hortatory Exposition?

What is Hortatory Exposition?
Hortatory Exposition Text

Definition of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.

Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation

Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense

Hortatory Exposition
Dear student…
Pada semester sebelumnya kalian pasti sudah mengenal jenis teks analytical expostion, di semester ini kalian akan mempelajari jenis teks exposition yang lainnya, yaitu hortatory exposition. Teks hortatory exposition berisi tentang teks yang mengemukakan alasan-alasan dengan tujuan untuk membujuk pendengar atau pembaca agar mau mengikuti apa yang dikemukakan penulis. Dalam pelajaran bahasa Indonesia kita tentu sudah mengenal teks persuasi, yang sama isinya dengan teks hortatory.
Teks hortatory di awali dengan Thesis, yaitu menuliskan opini penulis tentang suatu masalah. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan argumen, yaitu alasan-alasan yang mendukung pendapat penulis. Terakhir, menuliskan saran atau nasihat.
Contoh Teks hortatory dalam bentuk surat:
Dear Editor,
We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons.
First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes.
Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not.
Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someone’s favourite.
For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to people’s favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels.
David
Coba perhatikan teks di atas. Paragraf pertama berisi thesis, yang dilanjutkan dengan arguments (alasan) di paragraf 2, 3, dan 4. Paragraf ke 5 berisi tentang recommendation (saran). Isi dari paragraf terakhir inilah yang membedakan teks horatatory dan analytical.

Expressions for Agreeing & Disagreeing

Expressions for Agreeing and Disagreeing
Stating an opinion • In my opinion...
• The way I see it...
• If you want my honest opinion....
• According to Lisa...
• As far as I'm concerned...
• If you ask me...
Asking for an opinion • What's your idea?
• What are your thoughts on all of this?
• How do you feel about that?
• Do you have anything to say about this?
• What do you think?
• Do you agree?
• Wouldn't you say?
Expressing agreement • I agree with you 100 percent.
• I couldn't agree with you more.
• That's so true.
• That's for sure.
• (slang) Tell me about it!
• You're absolutely right.
• Absolutely.
• That's exactly how I feel.
• Exactly.
• I'm afraid I agree with James.
• I have to side with Dad on this one.
• No doubt about it.
• (agree with negative statement) Me neither.
• (weak) I suppose so./I guess so.
• You have a point there.
• I was just going to say that.
Expressing disagreement • I don't think so.
• (strong) No way.
• I'm afraid I disagree.
• (strong) I totally disagree.
• I beg to differ.
• (strong) I'd say the exact opposite.
• Not necessarily.
• That's not always true.
• That's not always the case.
• No, I'm not so sure about that.
Interruptions • Can I add something here?
• Is it okay if I jump in for a second?
• If I might add something...
• Can I throw my two cents in?
• Sorry to interrupt, but...
• (after accidentally interrupting someone) Sorry, go ahead. OR Sorry, you were saying...
• (after being interrupted) You didn't let me finish.
Settling an argument • Let's just move on, shall we?
• Let's drop it.
• I think we're going to have to agree to disagree.
• (sarcastic) Whatever you say./If you say so.

Saturday, February 6, 2010

A - Z English Lessons

Asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..
1: Asking for and giving personal information
2: Name  What’s your name?   My name is… It’s…
3: Nickname   What’s your nickname? How do your friends call you?   My nickname is… They call me…
4: Age  How old are you?  I am sixteen.
5: Place of residence  Where do you live?  I live in…
6: Birthday  When were you born?  I was born on the 5th September.
7: Favourite school subjects  What are your favourite subjects?  My favourite subjects are…English, Portuguese, Maths, Physical Education…
8: Weakest subjects  What are your weakest subjects?  My weakest subjects are…History, Geography…
9: Favourite Sports  What are your favourite sports?  My favourite sports are football, basketball, volleyball…
10: Favourite music   What are your favourite bands/ singers? What kind of music do you like listening to?   My favourite bands/ singers are… I like listening to… hip-hop, rap, rock, heavy…
11: Interests/ Hobbies   What are your favourite interests/ hobbies? What do you like doing in your free time?    My favourite interests/ hobbies are… I like… I don’t like…
12: Exercise  Working in pairs, find out your classmate’s personal information. Then write a small presentation about him/ her. Present it to the class.  
13: Follow the example:   His name is João, but his friends call him Jonas. He’s fifteen years old and he lives in Penafiel. He was born on the 3rd May. His favourite suject is History and his weakest subject is Maths. He loves football and in his free time he likes listening to hiphop music and playing computer games.



Kinds of expressions

1.I shouted at him who was my subordinate many times.
2.Because,sometimes he didn't obey my indications(orders)
(Which words are better "order" or "indication" in this situation?)
3.He didn't understand why we make advertisements.
4.I think how do we show our advertisements for customers and how do we make customers buy our products are the most important purpose to make the advertisements
5.But regrettably,most designers don't understand that at all.
6.They persist their pictures and graphics too much.So they completely lost the original reason to make those.
7.Desingers who can draw beautiful pictures on computers tend to strongly have such a personality.
8.So I had to shout at them once to make them understand my opinion and way of thinking about advertisements.
9.I'm telling from just my experiences but I think they can't understand that unless I shout them.

1.Why did you express yourself "kind person" toward my question?
2.Please explain it to me,I would like to listen to your defenite answer.
3.I always take care of what other people think.
4.I have to have more guts.

1.There is a bar at the ground floor of this building.
2.I'm staying on the top floor of this accommodations.
3.I'm staying at the most reasonable(cheapest?) room at this accommodations.
4.I wanna go the bar at which there is ground of this building.
5.I like this accommmodations' atmosphere.
6.I become a friend with one Chinese man,I often go drink with him.




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